Which study on gender-related stereotypes meets the definition of research with human subjects?

The answer revolves around the definition of research involving human subjects. Research with human subjects typically includes studies where direct interaction or intervention with individuals occurs, and where researchers gather data from or about those individuals in a manner that can lead to information that may affect them personally.

In the context of the given answer, the experiment on math performance related to gender stereotypes involves direct engagement with individuals as participants. This scenario likely includes manipulating variables (e.g., presenting specific stereotypes) and measuring responses or performance outcomes, thus requiring active participation from human subjects.

The nature of an experiment requires obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and considering the ethical implications of the study on the individuals involved, all critical components in defining research with human subjects. Other options—such as observational studies, surveys, or historical analyses—may not necessarily meet the stringent criteria of involving human subjects actively in the same way. Observational studies may collect data without direct interaction, surveys might gather data from individuals but often without intervention, and historical analyses focus on already existing data rather than engaging with current research subjects. Thus, the active experimental approach represents a clear engagement with human subjects, fulfilling the criteria for the definition.