Which study on gender-related stereotypes meets the definition of research with human subjects?

The study focused on an experiment regarding math performance related to gender stereotypes meets the definition of research with human subjects because it involves the direct interaction or manipulation of individuals to assess the effects of gender stereotypes on their math performance. In any experimental design involving human participants, the individuals are subjected to conditions that may change their behavior or performance based on the variables being tested—in this case, the presence or influence of gender stereotypes.

This form of research often requires careful ethical considerations, including informed consent, ensuring participant welfare, and appropriate data handling, all of which are hallmarks of studies involving human subjects. The other options, while relevant to gender-related research, do not involve the direct manipulation or intervention with subjects in a way that qualifies as experimental research. Observational studies and surveys may provide valuable data but do not fall under the same requirements or definitions as experimental research involving active participation and intervention. Historical analyses lack direct engagement with present subjects and instead rely on existing data or records, further distancing them from the concept of research with active human involvement.