Which situation constitutes both a breach of confidentiality and a violation of privacy?

Sharing identifiable data with students despite having assured that the data would be de-identified represents a clear breach of confidentiality because it involves making personal information accessible to individuals who should not have access to that level of detail. When researchers promise to de-identify data, they commit to protecting the identities of the participants, and failing to do so undermines that trust and the ethical standards associated with research involving human subjects.

This situation also constitutes a violation of privacy because individuals have a right to control access to their personal information. If students receive identifiable data, it infringes upon the participants' expectation of privacy and autonomy regarding how their personal information is handled. Maintaining confidentiality and respecting participants' privacy are fundamental principles in conducting ethical research, particularly when it involves vulnerable populations such as prisoners.

Options that do not involve identifiable data, like sharing aggregate information or publishing results anonymously, do not violate confidentiality or privacy in the same way. Destruction of research documents, while it may have implications for data retention and future research, does not inherently breach confidentiality or violate privacy rights.