Which situation constitutes both a breach of confidentiality and a violation of privacy?

The situation of making identifiable data available to students despite assurances of de-identification constitutes both a breach of confidentiality and a violation of privacy because it involves the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information that can be linked back to individual participants. Confidentiality refers to the obligation to protect the information shared by study participants, ensuring that their identities remain hidden. When identifiable data is released, it undermines this trust and violates the participants' right to privacy.

Assurances of de-identification imply that the data will be handled in a secure manner that prevents identification of individuals. When these assurances are not upheld, it creates a serious ethical concern as it not only exposes participants' private information but also damages the integrity of the research process. This situation highlights the importance of maintaining strict adherence to confidentiality protocols in research involving human subjects, especially in sensitive contexts such as research with prisoners or vulnerable populations.