Which of the following studies qualifies as research with human subjects as per federal regulations?

The study conducted by a developmental psychologist focusing on toddler interactions qualifies as research with human subjects because it involves the direct observation or utilization of identifiable individuals (in this case, toddlers) as part of the study. Federal regulations define research involving human subjects as any systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge that involves obtaining data through intervention or interaction with individuals, or the collection of identifiable private information about individuals.

The study directly engages with human participants, aiming to gather insights about their behaviors and interactions. This aligns with the specific criteria set forth by federal guidelines, obligating researchers to consider ethical implications, informed consent, and the protection of the participants involved.

In contrast, a case study on school funding may not directly involve participants in the investigation; instead, it might analyze existing data without interaction. A survey administered to parents could involve human subjects, but its qualification hinges on the nature of the survey and how it interacts with the participants. A literature review on child development does not involve human subjects at all, as it synthesizes and analyzes existing research rather than collecting new data from individuals.