What is an example of a study that would not be subject to IRB review?

The analysis of archival educational performance data is an example of a study that would not typically be subject to Institutional Review Board (IRB) review. This is because the data involved is already collected and does not require interaction with individuals or involve obtaining new data from living individuals. Since the data is archival, it is generally considered to pose minimal risk to participants, and the individuals involved are not directly identified or contacted as part of the study.

In contrast, the other scenarios presented involve direct interaction with individuals or the collection of new data, which typically requires IRB review to ensure that ethical standards are maintained and the rights and welfare of participants are protected. For instance, clinical trials and medical studies that involve direct patient interaction often involve risks that need careful assessment. Similarly, surveys that assess public opinion may require review to address concerns about confidentiality and voluntary participation.